Index

Index

unwavering, 119, 158, 44onl3 VlttUOUS, 151 Set also karma adoption and rejection, principle of, 119 aggregates, five, 173-74, 337, 377-85, 485n264 source of suffering, 385 alaya, 139, 250, 341, 366, 385 karmic traces stored in, 142, 169, 262 alayavijnana, 139, 385 alcohol, 295-96 anger, 319-20, 380 dealing with, 320-21 destroyer of merit, 211 inimical to the four truths, 217 unreal causes of, 320 appearance, mere, 354, 406, 484n251 inseparable from emptiness, 406, 409 not what entangles us, 344, 409 Arhat(ship), 230-33, 267 attainment of, 174 arya lineage (Hinayana), 214, 450n64 452n71 .. nine succeSSive, 227, 333, 432, 455n90, 478n220 of nonperception, 441nl4 of Shravakas, Bodhisattvas, 441nl4 acceptance. Set paths, five: of joining accumulation, path of. Set paths, five accumulations, two, 153, 204, 207-8, 212, 235-36, 356 difference between, 467nl50 no other way to attain buddhahood, 280, 316 related to paramitas, 280 in sutra and tantra, 245 action(s) eight wrong, 443n28 effects of action: conditioning effect,

Aryadeva, 268, 306, 348, 420, 427, 429 Asanga, 181, 288, 291, 384, 464n136,

466nl45 on bodhichitta vows, 266 on sixteen instants of four truths, 221 Ashvaghosha (Shuracharya), 126, 214, 336, 450n65 on the three vows, 309 aspiration four excellent principles of, 208 prayers of, 317, 375n204 aspirational practice, path of, 272, 283, 315, 318, 344, 408 asuras, 140, 167-68, 360, 361 Atisha, 276, 461nll9 on third and fourth empowerment, 310 Atsara Marpo, 308, 474nl92 attachment, 380 to the body, 282, 467nl54 to rdatives and friends, 282, 467nlH seven kinds of, 261, 462nl24 attention, 378 six types of, 333, 478n219 Avalokiteshvara, 259, 281 ayatanas, 337, 435 eight dominant, 333, 433 ten limitless, 227, 432-33 bajung, 256, 461nl20 bardo, 128, 206, 238, 323, 369-72 clairvoyance of bardo beings, 323, 477n209 helping beings in, 371-72, 485n261 light-appearance (light-increase), 366, 485n259 no perception ofsun and moon in, 370 six uncertainties of, 129, 369-70 bathing offering, 257-60 begging, 189 beings animate, the formation of, 360 dreamlike, 241 evolution, four periods, 362, 484n255 our links with them, 160 their naturally evil inclinations, 262- 63, 265 Bhavaviveka, 348, 416 bhikshu. Stt untltr pratimoksha bhikshuni. Stt untltr pratimoksha Botlhicharyavatara, 137, 148, 153, 211, 248, 252, 266, 268, 271, 301, 307, 319, 323, 345, 397, 410, 438 bodhichitta, 247, 248, 301 in action, 249, 252; four root downfalls of, 466n148; precepts of, 280 aspirational, 249, 250-51, 266-68; four precepts of, 275-80; loss of, 274, 466n143; three trainings of, 249, 276 associated with paramitas, 460nll7 authentic, 239, 459nl09 classifications of, 249-53 downfalls, 273-74, 466n148; of bodhi- chitta in action, four, 466n148; causes of, 272, 464n134; confession of, 274-75; confessions by those o f superior capacity, 275, 466n144; of king, 274, 464n137; in Madhyamika or Yogachara, 464n136; of minister, 274, 465n138; of ordinary people, 274, 465nl39 faults against, eighty, 465n141; three categories, 274; minor infractions, forty-six, 467nl48 and five paths, 239-40 four attitudes that strengthen, 279 four conditions for, 255 and merit, 255, 461nll9 rejection of, 271 seven-point causal sequence, 276-78 three roots of, 254 three ways of generating, 281 twenty-two similes of, 251, 460nll7 vessds for, 254-55, 461nll8 vows o f (Stt untltr vows) Bodhisattvas, 109, 270 discipline of, 285-86 monastic vs. lay, 286-87 negative actions permitted to, 285-86 538 INDEX

three kinds of, 280-81

truth of, 109, 157, 174, 180-85, 225, 355, time taken on their path, 281 Brahmaviharas, four, 241, 459nII2 Buddha(s), 109, 224 compassion of, 2}3 knowledge of, five special features, 434 qualities of, 234, 266; already present in tathagatagarbha, 226; eighteen distinctive, 223-24, 389-90, 435; of elimination, 109, 214, 215, 223; of re- alization, 109, 223-24, 387-90 silence of, 341 superior to Arhats and Pratyekabudd- has, 389-90 three aspects of, 109 twelve deeds of, 461nII7 buddhafields, 260 buddhahood, 108-10, 357 found in one's own mind, 232 the ultimate refuge, 456n99 buddha nature, 153, 250. Sit also tathagata- garbha Buddhapalita, 348, 488n282 Buddhist writings five important headings, III, 44onl0 five-element structure, 107, IIO, 439n4 fourfold interrelated purpose, 110, 373-75 chakravartin, 126, 137, 166, 363 Chandragomin, 288, 467nl48 Chandrakirti, 348, 417, 420, 483n246, 488n282 Charvakas, 176, 481n231, 489n293 Chittamatra, 346-47, 349, 377, 385, 482n239 on three final vehicles, 458nl08 on three realities, 340, 420, 480n226 on three turnings of dharma-wheel, 340 on vows, 314 cognltlon five omnipresent factors of, 378 compassion "glow" of emptiness, 243 great compassion of Buddhas, 435 Sit also four boundless attitudes conceived object (of refutation), 421-22 concentration, 328, 379, 469n159, 478n215 childish, 329-32 clearly discerning, 329, }32-33 diamondlike, 357, 479n222 fearless, 479n222 miragelike, 479n222 of the Tathagatas, 329, }32 conditioning factors, 385. Sit also aggre- gates conditions, four, 255, 459nII4 confession, 262 monastic ritual, 291, 470nl74 . conSClousness defiled emotional, 158 six, seven, or eight consciousnesses, 139, 142, 385; do not generate karma, 139 Set also aggregates, five conscientiousness (bag yo/), 379 contentment, 264, 325 creator, divine, 176, 446n46, 485n264 dead, helping the, 371-72, 485n261 death, 128, 172 44on7 six faults o f non-Buddhist writings, I I I , 44on9 three qualifications to compose, III, 44on8 three qualities of, III, 44on9 careful attention, 273, 464nl34 castes, four, 484n257 cessation absorption of (see unJer absorption) of Arhats, 174, 239 freedom of, 432 of phenomena, 314, 351, 401, 427 through analysis, 485n265 without analysis (nonanalytical), 485n265 INDEX 539

death ((ont;nutd)

dissolution of elements at time of, ~66 lights appearing at time of, ~66, 485n259 decency, sense of (khrtl yol), ~79 dedication, 26~-64, 46~nI30 vs. aspiration, 463nl~0 defilement, 272, 27~ coemergent, 464nl~; in Great Perfection, 299 transmuted in vajrayana, 298 deity (mantrayana), 295, 472n185 demons of desire, 159, 265 four, ~23, 476n207 dependent arising (interdependence), 153, ~05, 340, 410, 414, 417 argument of, 427 and emptiness, ~4~, 42~, 4~7 and the ground nature, 351 inconceivable power of, 305 most crucial of Buddha's teaching, 182, 446n45,447n49 not fully realized by Shravakas, 447n50 of nirvana, 354, 484n250 and phenomena, 268, H9-40, 34~, 346- 47, 414, 424, 406, 447n50 ofsamsara, 353 twelve links of, 175-83, 353-54, 446n45, 483n249; completed in a single ac- tion, 447n47; completed in two or three lifetimes, 179-80; four ways of presenting, 177-78; meditation on, 180-83 unoriginated nature of, 183 desire realm. Stt undtr three realms o f exis- tence Dharma, 109, 229, 2~1 definitions of term, 453n82 four periods in the history of, 448n54 gift of, 283-84 letters and syllables as basis of, 226 pitakas or baskets of, 225, 342 of realization, 109, 226-29, 341, 454n87 of transmission, 109, 225-26, 232, 341, 456n99 as truths of cessation and path, 225 dharmadhatu, 350 dharma protectors (mundane), 236, 457n103 dharma-wheel symbolism of, 263, 463nl29 turnings of, 269, 450n108, 480n226, 495, 507, 523-25 diligence, 322 based on keenness, 378 three kinds of, ~23-24 disciples, 198-200 foolish, 206 four ways to attract, 192, 318 three categories of, 199, 449n57 discipline of avoiding negativity, 284-316 of benefiting others, 318 eight-branch, 288 eight qualities of, 460nl;9 four types of, 471n178 of gathering virtue, 316 Hinayana vs. Mahayana, 284 perfectly pure, 312 uncompounded, 312, 475nl99 dissipation, H4 eight auspicious symbols, 256, 462nl22 eight perfect freedoms, 431-32 eight substances offered to Buddha, 256, 462n123 eight worldly concerns, 135, 194, 209 eightfold noble path, 394-95, 445n41 elements, five, 353, 442nl6 elimination, qualities of. Stt undtr Buddha empowerment(s),473nI88 four, necessary for buddhahood, 311 and transformation, 300 empttness absence of reference, 437 consists in dependent arising, 423 great emptiness, 321, 422 540 INDEX

never separate from appearance, 418 not a predicate, 424, 489n292

... " not a View, 429 realization of, 351, 483n246 endurance (name of universe), 367, 485n260 extremes (conceptual, ontological) eight, 344, 353, 409 four, 347, 352, 459nll3 four philosophical positions, 489n293 shown in four kinds of production, 42 5 eye, five kinds of, 223, 387 faith, 379 three kinds of, 214-15 feeling, 142, 378, 443n25. Stt also aggre- gates, five five elements, system of, 107-8, 110, 439n4 five excellencies (cenainties), 110, 358, 439n6 five imponant headings, 111-12, 44onl0 five pathways, 233, 456nl01 five sins of immediate effect, 121, 151, 443n26 flexibility, meditative, 330, 478n217 form. Stt aggregates, five form and formless realms. Stt unatr three realms of existence form bodies, 235. Stt also rupakaya four bases for miraculous powers, 226, 392, 395 four black and four white factors, 278-79 four boundless attitudes, 239-45, 247, 249, 260, 276, 278, 431, 459nll0 benefits of, 242 contrasted with four Brahmaviharas, 241, 459nll2 four conditions for, 459nll4 proper to Mahayana, 241, 244-45 four castes, 484n257 four close mindfulnesses, 226, 391, 395 Hinayana vs. Mahayana approaches to, 391 four dharanis, 223, 388 four fearlessnesses, 223, 357, 388, 434, four genuine restraints, 226, 392, 495 four noble truths, 109, 157-76, 214, 373-75 Asanga on, 181 and dependent arising, 181-83 meaning of term, 374 and paths of joining, seeing and medi- tation, 219, 392-94 obstacles to understanding of, 216-17 sequential exposition of, 274 sixteen aspects of, 373-74, 485n263 truth of cessation, 174, 225, 454n83, 485n265 truth of origin, 173-74 truth of path, 109, 174-75, 225, 454n83 truth of suffering, 158-73; four instants of realization of, 220 and two truths, 400 understood as phenomena, 216, 451n67 without ultimate existence, 447n50 four perfect principles (of excellent aspi- ration), 208 four periods of humanity, 362, 484n256 four periods of the teachings, 448n54 four reliances, 312, 336, 479n224 four types of binh, 113, 440nll gelong (bhikshu). Stt untltr pratimoksha gelongma (bhikshuni). Stt unatr prati- moksha generally characterized things, 345, 482n238 generation and perfection stages, 205, 209, 227, 296, 314, 454n87 generosity, paramita of, 281-83, 462nl24 three kinds of, 281-84 getsul (shramanera). Stt unatr prati- moksha giving and taking (,gtong ltn), 275, 280 gods (form, formless), 360, 441nl4 deceptive refuges, 213, 234 insensate, 117, 119, 356, 441nl4 sufferings of, 165-67 INDEX 541

Great Perfection, 112, 299, 439n3, 447n49 ground, path, and fruit, 112, 345, 351-54,

415, 438 grounds, 357 eight (Hinayana), 231, 455n97 ten (Mahayana), 227-29, 251, 281, 323; impure, 281, ~18, ~57; pure, 250, 281, ~18, ~57, 416, 460nII6; related to bo- dhichitta, 249-51, ~18, 460nl16 thineen (Mantrayana), 229 guru. See teacher guru yoga, 205-8, 295 heavens Clear Light, 361, ~63 of desire realm, 258, 484n255 Enjoying Magical creations, 258 of Four Great Kings, 1~7, 166, 258, ~60-61 of Great Fruit, 166 Mastery of Magical Creations of Oth- ers, 270, ~61 of the Pure, 126, 140, 166 of the Thiny-three, 137, 140, 167, 360, 363 Stt also unatr three realms of existence hells cold, 164, 359 duration of, 164, 444n~6 ephemeral, 165, ~60 hot, 161-63, 359-60 location of, ~59 neighboring, 16~, 360 Torment Unsurpassed, 162-63, 202, 234 Hinayana, 19, 109, 2}3, 239, 458nl08, 464nl~4 on aryas, 45on65 cessation of, 441nl4 eight grounds of, 2~1, 455n97 eight kinds of beings, 2~0 eighteen schools of, 220 and entry into Mahayana, 458nl08 five paths of, 152, 219, ~91-94, 445n41, 452n71, 455n97 limited attitude of, 239 vs. Mahayana: on obscurations, 219-20; on path of accumulation, 391; on vows, 284-85 once returners, nonreturners, 219, 2~0 path 0 f "Ieap over," 219, 452n71 stream enterer, 230, 456n97 suppon for Mahayana, 447n50, See also Shravakas; Pratyekabuddhas human embryo, growth of, 170-71 human existence freedoms and advantages of, 117-21, 195 mere human existence, 117 precious human existence, 121-22; six- teen factors hindering, 441nl5 three types of, 44onl2 ignorance, ~81 of apprehending self, 1~9, 174, 479n221 attenuated on path of joining, 354 basis of karma, 139, 247, 262 basis of relative truth, 398 coemergent, 1~9 eliminated on path of meditation, 217, 354 eliminated on path of seeing, 215-16, 354 positive actions conditioned by, 139- 40, 442n2o of precepts, 291 and suffering, 158-59, 174, 355 and twelve links, 176- 82, ~53-54 illusion, eight examples of, 344, 409, 487n276 impaniality, three meanings of, 459nll1 Stt also four boundless attitudes imperceptible form, three kinds of, 377 Indrabodhi, 287, 468n158 Instants defined, 453n76 sixteen of path of seeing, 219-22, 542 INDEX 453n77

intention, 378, 444n29

and kanna, 135, 138, 142, 148, 286-87 and vows, 288, 291, 301- 2, 315, 475n2oo jealousy, 244, 463nl28 Jnanagarbha, 415, 416 joining, path of. Stt paths, five joy. Stt four boundless attitudes kalpa (aeon), 119, 362-66 dark, 120, 366 fonunate, 259, 363 great, 125-26, 366 intennediate, 119, 125-26, 362-64 Kamalashila, 415, 416, 488n281 kanna, 265 of arhats, 446n42 not generated after path of seeing, 354, 460nll6 not generated by six consciousnesses, 139 propelling, 165-66, 176, 180 stored in alaya, 139 and twelve links, 177-78, 180-81, 268 Stt also action Katyayana, 160 laziness, three kinds of, 322-23 "leap over," path of. Stt unatr Hinayana liberation, three doors of (perfect), 202, 235, 236, 339, 355, 437-38 livelihood, right and wrong, 189-90 Longchen Rabjam, 112, 299-300 on the two truths, 407-8, 418-19 love. Stt four boundless attitudes madhyamika, 351 on bodhichitta, 254-55 four great arguments of, 422, 424-28 great madhyamika, 417 not a "philosophy," 352 on three realities, 340 on three vehicles, 458nl08 on two truths, 398 view defined, 428-29 on vows, 475n2oo Stt also Prasangikas; Svatantrika Mahasanghika, 293, 453n75, 471nl79 mahasiddhas, 201-2 Mahayana, 239-45 nonretumers, 266, 463nl32 practice of: appropriate livelihood, 189-90; solitude vs. society, 188-89 vs. Hinayana, 219, 391 mantrayana. Stt tantra meat, 147, 160, 190 pure in three ways, 448n52 meditation, 113 analytic vs. resting, 328 "objectless," 423 on nature of mind, 356 path of. Stt paths, five practice of, 328-29 vs. post-meditation, 153, 221, 329, 334- 35, 350, 356-57, 391, 416 seven-point posture of, 328 ofShravakas vs. Buddhas, 389 mental factors associated, 378-84 non-associated, 377, 385 merit, 203, 211-12, 259 cause of rupakaya, 235 five signs of its past accumulation, 210 fragility of, 210-11 gained through rejoicing, 262 mere, 248 stainless, 152 Stt also vinue Middle Way. Stt madhyamika mind defiled emotional (nyon yil), 139, 158, 250, 385, 441n14, 460nll6 main mind and mental factors, 356, 384 nature of, 232, 233, 235, 237, 247, 305, 336; not distinct from ultimate na- ture, 350; not a non-entity, 355; sam- sara and nirvana indistinguishable in, 438 INDEX 543

mind (continued)

self-knowing, 345, 346 transformation of, into wisdom, 304, 314 mindfulness, 212, 215, 238, 273, 317, 331, 333 right, 394, 445n41, 463nl29 (set also four close mindfulnesses) monastic life, 468nl57 eight qualities of, 469nl59 three basic rituals of, 291 See also pratimoksha Mount Meru, 125, 166-67, 238, 259, 359-61 Nagarjuna, 188, 266, 304, 347-48, 353, 464n136, 466nl42 has nothing to negate, 424 makes no assertion, 420 on sixteen instants of path of seeing, 221 works of, 483n244 negation, affirming and nonaffirming, 352-53, 427, 459n108, 487n27°' 487n276 nine mundane levels, 218 nirmanakaya, 224, 229, 235, 244n16, 258n26 supreme, 461nll7 nirvana, 225, 293, 351 attitude of arhats to, 446n43 dependent arising of, 354, 484n250 equality of samsara and nirvana, 153, 192, 235, 343, 437-38 extreme of, 153, 183, 231, 390, 459nl09 nonabiding, 239, 241, 270, 391, 447n50 as relative truth of, 401, 408 root of, 182, 375 with and without remainder, 174, 446n42,447n207,479n222 nonreturner. Set under Hinayana; Ma- hayana obscurations (veils) coemergent or Innate, 219, 452n70 cognitive, 109, 175, 215-24, 267-68, 357, 452n70; destroyed by wisdom, 335, 451n69; elimination of, 110, 215-17, 219-20, 222-23, 452n70; not re- moved by Hinayana, 267 emotional, 215-24, 267, 451n69, 452n70, 489n29° gross and subtle, 452n70 nine levels of intensity of, 218 offering, 261, 264, 462nl26 for the dead, 370, 485n261 Once Returner. Set under Hinayana origination. Set production paramitas (six perfections), 249, 280, 356-57 distinct from six virtues, 152, 239, 444n3° four special qualities of, 261, 462n125, 467nl49 implicit in a single action, 317 ten, 251, 280 particles, partless, 345 paths, five, 152-53, 226-27, 323, H4, 356- 57, 374 of accumulation, 152, 240, 249-51, 272, 281, 332, 356, 391-92; three levels of, 226, 356, 395 bodhichitta experienced on, 239-40, 250 and deity, 295, 472nl85 in Hinayana, 219, 230, 452n71, 455n97 of joining, 152, 157, 230, 240, 249-51, 272, 281, 332, H4, 356, 392-93, 395; four stages of, 157, 356, 392, 444n31 of meditation, 110, 152, 174, 215, 217, 219, 221-23, 227-29, 250-51, 333, H4, 357, 394, 451n69 (see also grounds) of no more learning, 152, 227, 242, 250, 332, 354, 357, 394, 455n94 of seeing, 110, 152, 215, 219-20, 222-23, 230, 240, 250-51, 281, 332-H, 356, 392-95, 441nI4, 451n69, 452nn70-71; caused by concentra- 544 INDEX

tion, 329, 332; no karma produced on, 354; sixteen instants of, 219, 220, 221

patience, paramita of, 280, 317, 319-22 three kinds of, 319, 321 peak. Stt paths, five: ofjoining, four stages of peak of existence, 126, 231, 360-61, 484n253, 486n266 perception, 173, 331-32, 334, 377-78, 482n238, 486n266 perception vs. percept, 424, 405 pure, 200, 206, 300, 303, 474nl94 the three types of, 142, 443n25 perfections, six transcendent. Stt para- mltas phenomena beyond conceptual extremes, 241, 343, 350, 352-53, 401- 2, 407, 409, 418, 438 clinging to, basis of karma, 134, 159 empty but appearing, 235, 329, 334, 343-44, 351-52, 399, 406 empty of themselves, 424 infinite purity of, 202, 250, 335, 449n60 not created, 138, 446n46 purity and equality of, 295-96, 309, 314, 337, 351, 398 Prasangikas, 347-51, 355, 403, 417-20, 428 on bodhichitta vow, 254-55 vs. Svatantrika, 422-23 Pratimoksha, 285, 307 bhikshu (age slong): vows of, 290; seven- teen precepts, 292, 471n177; three basic rituals, 291 bhikshuni (age slong rna), 469n160; vows of, 290-91 of Bodhisattvas, 468nl57 eligibility for, 301, 473nl87 enhancement of, 305-6, 313 essence of, 300- 2, 314 levels of ordination, 287 possibility of repairing, 288 shramanera, shramanerika (age tshul, age tshul rna): not "novices," 469n160; superior to upasakas, 289; vows of, 288-90 upasaka (age bsnyen): degrees of, 287; in manner of Chandragomin, 288 upavasa, 288 vows defined, 300-301; vs. bodhichitta, 272, 284-85, 287, 3°0 Pratyekabuddhas, 109, 152, 174, 230, 233, 363, 441n14, 455n97 and bodhichitta, 239 limitations of, 183, 224, 241, 389-90, 444n30, 447n5° nirvana of, according to Mahayana, 174 realization of, 183, 267, 445n41, 455n95 pretas, 118, 122, 127, 236, 238, 360 preternatural knowledge, six kinds of, 223, 387 production (origination), four kinds of, 340, 424-25, 481n231, 489n293 from extraneous cause, 416 prostration, three levels of, 109 rang stong vs. gzhan stong, 459n108 refuge basis of all vows, 235, 267 as a commitment, 213, 450n62 object of, 213, 232 possibility ofabandoning, 237, 458nl06 precepts of, 236-37 purifying effect of, 235, 457nl02 in the teacher, 232 ultimate refuge, 456n99 unsurpassable, 233 rejoicing, 262 relative truth, 342, 350, 397 appears to Aryas on impure grounds, 416 approach to the absolute, 410, 417 equals appearance, 339, 344, 406, 408, 414 and karma, 134 mistaken vs. unmistaken, 343, 402-4, INDEX 545

relative truth (continutJ)

415-16, 481n235; two kinds of un- mistaken, 404 object of intellect (ordinary mind), 344-45, 401, 405, 409 three aspects of, 486n267 Stt also unJtr two truths: according to four tenet systems renunciation (detennination to leave samsara), 193, 198-99, 208, 210, 215, 313, 375 enhanced by bodhichitta, 305, 313 essence of pratimoksha, 300-303, 314 royalty, seven attributes of, 256, 462nl21 rupakaya (fonn body), 145, 153,295,364, 404, 473n185 sadness (slryo ba), 159, 444nn samadhi, 126, 335, 434 four of fonn realm, 152, 166, 218, 329- 31, 333, 432, 441n14, 478n220; and destruction of universe, 363-64 six levels of, HI Stt also absorptions Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva), 476n205 five customs of, 307 samaya, 193, 199, 203, 294, 302, 304, 371 substances of, 295-96 sambhogakaya, 224, 229, 235, 243, 258 Sammitiya, 293, 453n75, 472nl79 samsara, 117, 119, 153, 248, 262-63, 234, 248, 270 dependent arising of, 353-54 equal with nirvana, 153, 192, 235, 343, 438 extreme of, 231, 267, 388, 438, 446n43, 447n5°,459nI09 happiness in, 270, 442nl7 origin of, 136, 140, 180, 182-83, 373, 375 sufferings of, 157-73, 181 Sangha, 108-9, 229, 231-32 correct attitude toward, 237, 457nl04 Hinayana vs. Mahayana, 109, 320-21 outer and inner, 231, 456n98 propetty of, 163, 165 qualities of, 229-31 Sanskrit, 107 Saraha, 201, 304 Sarvastivada, 293, 453n75, 471n179, 472nl80 Sautrantika, 140, 314, 345, 349, 377, 416 following scripture vs. following rea- soning, 481nn237-38 scriptures, twelve branches of, 225, 336, 454n84 secret mantra. Stt tantra seeing, path of. Stt paths, five self personal and phenomenal, 139, 152, 219, 347, 381, 428; a conceived object (zhtn )U0, 421, 451n69, 455n95 personal vs. phenomenal, 267, 414, 421, 488n287; and emotional and cogni- tive veils, 489n290 self and other, equalization and ex- change of, 249-50, 276 sense of, imputed vs. innate, 451- 52nn69-70 self-knowing awareness in Chittamatra, 346, 347, 420 in Madhyamika, 413 realizes ultimate nature, 183, 397, 447n5° in Svatantrika Madhyamika, 416 is the ultimate truth, 342, 397 vs. ordinary mind, 398 sense powers, 365-66, 485n258 sense objects, 160, 259, 296, 299, 303 appearance vs. enjoyment of, 344, 326, 40 9 seven branch prayer, 261-64 seven elements leading to enlightenment, 393 sevenfold reasoning, 428, 49on297 seven-point posture of Vairochana, 328 sexual intercourse in context of three vows, 299, 473nl91 shamatha, 328- 29, 332-33, 477nn213-14, 479n221 546 INDEX

distinguished from vipashyana, 329, 479n221

and vipashyana united, 219, 423 Shantarakshita, 415-16, 488n281 shramanera (getsul). Stt unatr prati- moksha Shravakas, 152, 175, 233, 441n14, 458nl08 and bodhichitta, 239 eighteen lineages, 220, 293, 453n75 four levels of, 230-31, 455n97 four main groupings, 293, 453n75, 471n179, 472nl81 limitations of, 183, 224, 241, 389-90, 444n3° nirvana of, according to Mahayana, 174 realization of, 183, 267, 445n41, 455n95 their understanding of dependent aris- ing, 183 Shuracharya. Stt Ashvaghosha six root defilements, 378, 380 skillful means, three aspects of, 318 solitude, 187-89, 324, 327 specifically characterized things, 345, 482n238 Sthavira, 293, 453n75, 471nl79 Stream Enterer. Stt unatr Hinayana suffering of animals, 118-19 of asuras, 167-68 eight complementary, 169 of gods, 165-67 of hell realms, 161-65 of humans, 168-73, 325 roots of, 159, 174; in ourselves, 320-21 three kinds of, 158, 160, 168, 248, 325 as understood by Shravakas, 445n41 sugatagarbha, 192, 233, 361. Stt also tathaga- tagarbha summer retreat, 291, 471nn175-77 supreme mundane level. Stt unaff paths, five: of joining sutras of definitive meaning, 196, 233, 336-37, 347, 479n225 o f expedient meaning, 336-37, 479n225 Svatantrika, 346, 349, 407, 413-17, 420, 422,428, 482n241, 489n293 on apprehension of self, 414 autonomous reasoning, 416 in hannony with Prasangika, 349, 417, 488n283 lower and higher subschools, 414-16, 4 18 on two kinds of absolute, 415 on two kinds of relative, 402-3, 4 81n2 35 tantra (mantrayana, secret mantra, vajray- ana), 213, 229, 231-32, 349, 371, 385, 443n28, 449n60 authentic teachers of, 191-92, 245 removal of obscurations in mantray- ana, 227 and three trainings, 454n87 to be taught at proper time, 220, 475nl97 vows, 294-95, 298-314 passim, 474nl94 Stt also generation and perfection stages tathagatagarbha, 459nll4 nature of mind, 226, 269, 304-5 sutras of, 458nl08 Stt also sugatagarbha teacher(s) (guru, spiritual friend), 273, 460n1l4,479n224 authentic teachers, 195-97, 255 behavior toward, 162-63, 202-6, 236 embodiment of Three Jewels, 201; of the Buddha, 192, 195 false teachers, 193-94 how teachers should be followed, 201-8 imponance of checking them, 194-95 reliance on, twentyfold attitude, 197-98 service of, three ways, 201, 205, 449n59 signs of authenticity of, 191-93 teachings definitive vs. expedient, 336, 340 implied vs. indirect, 337, 342 INDEX 547

teachings (continued) implied, four, 337-38 indirect, four, 338-41

ten powers, 223, 387, 431, 435 ten strengths, 223, 357, 388- 89, 435 Theravada, 446n45, 470n170, 471nl79 thirteen factors influencing human behav- ior, 136 thirty-seven elements leading to enlight- enment, 391-95 Thirty-three, heaven of, 137, 167, 360, 363, 484n255 thought patterns, innate vs. misconcep- tions, 222, 452n70 three fears of Buddhist practitioners, 213 Three Jewels, 108-10, 213, 232, 139, 213, 231 .. negative acts against, 142, 234 never deceptive, 238 rejection of, 142, 237, 236 remembrance of at death, 457nl05 in tantra, 232, 456nl00 Set also refuge time, 449n61 instant of, 453n76 tong/en. See giving and taking transitory composite, view of, 215-16, 222, 381, 481n234 Tripitaka, 112, 225-26, 263 Triskandhanama-mahayana-sutra, 274 true existence, refutation o f an extrane- ous, 418- 19, 423-24 twelve links. Set under dependent arising twenty lesser defilements, 378, 380, 382-83 two truths, 398-411 according to four tenet systems, 345- 50, 397 contain all knowledge objects, 399 have no intrinsic existence, 340, 344 indivisibility of, 338, 343-44, 350, 406-9 Longchenpa on, 408 necessarily two, 399 no common ground, 397 Patrul Rinpoche on, 407-8 reasons for establishing them, 410 superior (in mantrayana), 400, 404 uniquely Buddhist teaching, 400 ways of distinguishing, 401-4 See also absolute truth; relative truth . universe, 125 name of, 485n260 phases of, 126, 359-64; reflected in in- dividual existence, 365 three thousandfold, 125, 259 upasaka. Set under pratimoksha upavasa. See under pratimoksha Uttarakuru, 258, 292, 301, 362- 63, 471nl78 Vaibhashika, 141, 313, 345, 349, 377, 481nn236-37 V airochana Gangchen T so, 366 vajrayana. Set tantra V atsiputriya, 472nl79 veils, two, 102, 224, 245, 267, 390, 421, three three three natures or realities, 338, 339-40, 346-47, 420, 480n226 pure elements (of offering), 261, 462nl26 qualifications for composition, 44on8 I I I , realms of existence, 441nl4 three desire realm, 484n255 form realm 158, 361 formless realm, 158, 361, 441n14, three three three three scopes or categories of beings, 108, 112, 151-52, 209, 233, 248, 439n5 seats, mandala of, 227, 314, 455n88 spheres, conceptions of, 235, 316, 317, 357, 410, 467nl49 trainings, 249, 263, 267, 272, 316, 335, 548 INDEX 484n253; and non-buddhist tradi- tions, 441nl4 obscurations associated with, 218 454n87 basis of: seventeen precepts, 291-92 presented as thirty-seven elements, 391 434, 489n290. Set also obscurations

views of doctrinal and ethical superiority,

216-17, 381, 481n234 vigilance (vigilant introspection), 212, 237, 273, 284, 289, 317, 330-31 vinaya, transmission of to Tibet, 472nl80 vipashyana, 190, 329, 331-32, 335, 356, 470n174, 477n214 distinguished from shamatha, 329, 433, 479n221 and intellectual analysis, 484n252 and shamatha united, 219, 329, 332, 423 vinue (vinuous action) gathering, discipline of, 316-18 of ordinary beings, 247-48 not truly existent, 312 six vinues (non paramitas), 152, 444n3° tending to happiness, 134, 139, 151, 442nl7 tending to liberation, 152, 183, 442nl7 vows authenticity of depends on attitude, 314 and avoidance of scandal, 306-8 bodhisattva vow, 267, 293-94; Asanga vs. Nagarjuna on, 266-68; defined, 301; four aspects of, 317-18, 475n205; ritual for, 255-70; three recitations of fonnula, 269 dual function of vow, 297 eligibility for, 301, 473nl87 given for different needs of beings, 315 Hinayana vs. Mahayana, 284-86, 297-98 ignorance of, 291 imperceptible fonns, 377 mantrayana vow, 294, 300-303 mere vow vs. true commitment, 302 nature of, according to tenet systems, 313-14, 475n2oo nonvows, 377 pratimoksha vs. bodhichitta, 294, 466nl43 radical defeats, 290-91 three kinds of; apparent contradictions resolved, 294-95, 306; as taught in Nyingma tradition, 296-308, 313; as taught in other traditions, 308-12; enhancement of, 306; essence of the three vows, 300; higher vows take precedence, 307; observed simulta- neously, 293-96, 302-3; transfonna- tion of, 294, 299-305, 309, 474nl94 transgression of; four doors of, 291, 470n172; skilful means regarding, 292, 293 wannth. Stt untltr paths, five: of joining wisdom, 335, 355 absolute vs. example, 303, 473nl86 all-accomplishing, 244 all-discerning, III, 243, 356, 484n252 coemergent, 227 of the dhannadhatu, 244 extraordinary (luminosity), 313 of equality, 244 of luminosity, 232, 313 mirrorlike, 243, 474nl94 primordial, 195, 205, 268, 342, 356; ab- solute truth, 342, 397, 405; experi- enced directly on grounds, 250; extraordinary, of the Mahayana, 227-29; realizes ultimate nature, 344, 409, 410; three distinctive as- pects of, 224, 390 resulting from hearing, 335-50 resulting from reflection, 349, 351-55 resulting from meditation, 355-58 words of truth, 463nl30 working for others, 318 wrong view, 117, 146, 148, 150, 216, 237, 381