Buddha-nature and Emptiness/A Synoptic Outline of This Book

Introduction

Part I: Historical and Doctrinal Background

Chapter 1: The Authorship of the Ratnagotravibhäga and Its Transmission in India from the 5th to the 10th Century

• Basic Textual Materials and Structure of the Ratnagotravibhäga
• The Authorship of the Ratnagotravibhäga
  • The Earliest Witness of the Authorship
  • The Earliest Witness Ascribing Authorship to Maitreya
  • Authorship in Indian Tradition from the 11th Century Onward
  • Studies by Modern Scholars
• Positive Descriptions on the Ultimate and Their Aim in the Ratnagotravibhäga
• Doctrinal Developments within the Ratnagotravibhäga
• The 5th and 6th Centuries: An Approach to the Yogäcära Doctrine
  • The *Mahäyänadharmadhätunirvisesa
  • The *Anuttaräsrayasütra
  • The *Buddhadhätus'ästra
  • The Doctrines of Buddha-nature and Yogäcära
  • The Single Vehicle vs. the Three Vehicles
  • Paramärtha’s Translations 37
• The Late 6th to the 10th Centuries: the Ratnagotravibhäga Disappears from View
  • Mädhyamikas’ Integration of the Buddha-nature Doctrine
• A Summary and Further Considerations

Chapter 2: The Resurrection of the Ratnagotravibhäga in India in the Early n'h Century: Maitripa and Jnänasrimitra

• Maitripa
• Jnänasrimitra
  • Quotations from the Ratnagotravibhäga in the Säkärasiddhis'ästra 55
  • Summary of Säkärasiddhisästra passages (i)-(8) 67
• A Summary and Further Considerations 69

Chapter 3: Ratnäkarasänti’s Understanding of Buddha-nature 71

• Ratnäkarasänti 71
  • Buddha-nature 74
  • Yänatraya 78
  • The Ekayäna Doctrine Found in Two Works Attributed to Ratnäkarasänti: the Sütrasamuccayabhäsya and Triyänavyavasthäna jq
  • The Säratama s and Kusumänjali’s Interpretations ofAbhisamayälamkära I.39 8°
  • The Sütrasamuccayabhäsyds Interpretation of Abhisamayälamkära I.39 82
  • The Authorship of the Sütrasamuccayabhäsya and Triyänavyavasthäna 85
  • References to the Ratnagotravibhäga Found in the Sütrasamuccayabhäsya 87
• A Summary and Further Considerations 95

Chapter 4: The Transmission of the Ratnagotravibhäga in East India from the 11th to 13th Century:From Prajnäkaramati to Vibhüticandra 97

• Prajnäkaramati 97
• Atisa 98
• Yamâri 101
• Vairocanaraksita 103
• Rämapäla 105
• Sahajavajra 108
• Abhayäkaragupta 108
• Zhi ba ’byung gnas 124
• Dasabalasrimitra 126
• Ratnaraksita 127
• Vibhüticandra 130
• A Summary and Further Considerations 132

Chapter 5: The Kashmiri Tradition of the Ratnagotravibhäga Exegesis in the 11th and 12th Centuries:

• Sajjana and his Circle 135
• Sajjana 135
• Mahäjana 139 Amrtäkara 144
• Jayänanda 148
• A Summary and Further Considerations 152

Chapter 6: Six Tibetan Translations of the Ratnagotravibhäga 155

• The Translation by Atisa and Nag-tsho 156
• The Translation by rNgog and Sajjana 163 The Translation by Pa-tshab 167
• The Translation by Mar-pa Do-pa Chos-kyi-dbang-phyug 171
• The Translation by Jo-nang Lo-tsä-ba Blo-gros-dpal 172
• The Translation by Yar-klungs Lo-tsä-ba 176
• How Did Tibetans study the SanskritText ofthe Ratnagotravibhäga? —TibetanRemarksFoundinaRatnagotravibhägaSanskritManuscript 177
• A Summary and Further Considerations 178

Conclusion to Chapters 1-6 181

Part II: rNgog Blo-ldan-shes-rab and His Doctrinal Position 189 Chapter 7: The Life and Works of rNgog Blo-ldan-shes-rab 191 A Translation of Las-chen Kun-dga’-rgyal-mtshan’s Sketch of rNgog’s Life 193 The Tibetan Text: Las-chen Kun-dga’-rgyal-mtshan, bKa gdams chos 'byung 197 Other Episodes 198 Works 202 A List of rNgog’s Writings 202 The Spread of the Teaching of the gSang phu Tradition in Mi nyag and rNgog’s Letter Addressed to a Community in Tsong kha 208 The Composition of rNgog’s Concise Guide to the Ratnagotravibhdga 210 Chapter 8: rNgog’s Doctrinal Positions in Relation to Sajjana’s and His Commentarial Style 211 Problems Associated with the Buddha-nature Doctrine of the Ratnagotravibhdga 212 Sajjana’s Doctrinal Position 215 Textual Materials relating to Sajjana’s Mahayanottaratantrasdstropadesa 217 Previous Studies ofthe Mahayänottaratantrasästropadesa 218 A Structural Analysis of the Mahäyänottaratantrasästropadesa 219 An Outline of the Mahdyänottaratantrasästropadesa 221 Sajjana’s Soteriological Schemas on the Ratnagotravibhdga 226 rNgog’s Doctrinal Position 228 rNgog’s Commentarial Style 233 The Commentarial Style and Techniques Characteristic of rNgog’s Concise Guides 234 An Evaluation of rNgog’s Commentarial Style within the Wider History ofTibetan Bud¬ dhism 238 A Summary and Further Considerations 239 Chapter 9: rNgog’s rGyud bla ma’i don bsduspa as a Reflection of His Own Doctrinal Position 241 Previous Studies 241 A Description of Materials relating to the rGyud bla ma’i don bsdus pa 243 The dbu med Handwritten Manuscript 243 Other Extant Handwritten Manuscripts 244 The Block Print 245 Phywa-pa’s Ratnagotravibhdga Commentary 246 Works Quoted in the rGyudbla mai don bsduspa 247 rNgog’s Structural Analysis of the Contents of the Ratnagotravibhdga 248 An Evaluation ofthe Ratnagotravibhdgaamong Maitreya’sCorpusofFiveTreatises 249 The Seven vajrapadas and the Soteriological Models of the Ratnagotravibhdga 251 The Ratnagotravibhdga s Presentation of Its Main Topic 252 The Cycle of apratisthitanirvdna 255 The Cycle of the Three Jewels 256 The Indirect Cause 256

The Direct Cause 258 Eight Qualities of the Jewel of the Sangha 260 rNgog’s Position on the Buddha-nature Doctrine 261 The Three Aspects of Buddha-nature: dharmakäya, tathatä, gotra 262 Buddha-nature/Emptiness as a Cause 266 Buddha-nature and the Älayavijnäna 268 The Ontological Status of the Buddha-qualities: An Interpretation of RGV I.154- 155 270 The Relation between the Doctrines of Emptiness and the Buddha-nature Doc¬ trine: An Interpretation of RGV 1.156-167 273 A Summary and Further Considerations 274 Conclusion to Chapters 7-9 277 Part III: rNgog’s Impact on Later Developments 283 Chapter 10: rNgog’s Impact on Doctrinal Developments from the 11th to the Early 14th Century 285 An Overview of Later Tibetan Scholars’ Reactions to rNgog’s Position 285 Details of Later Reactions 291 Gro-lung-pa Blo-gros-’byung-gnas 291 Gro-lung-pa’s Writings 291 Gro-lung-pa on the Ultimate Truth 292 Gro-lung-pa on the Three Aspects of Buddha-nature 293 Gro-lung pa on the Gotra 294 Phywa-pa Chos-kyi-seng-ge 296 Phywa-pa’s Writings 296 Phywa-pa’s Ratnagotravibhäga Commentaries 298 Phywa-pa’s Positions That Accord with rNgog’s 299 Phywa-pa’s Positions That Develop rNgog’s Further 300 The Älayavijnäna 300 MistakenViewson EmptinessandYogäcära 301 Buddha-nature and Emptiness 302 A Definition of the Two Kinds of Gotra 303 On the Ultimate Truth 308 Sa-skya Pandita Kun-dga’-rgyal-mtshan 309 bCom-ldan-ral-gri 311 bCom-ldan-ral-gri as a gZhan stong Forerunner 311 bCom-ldan-ral-gri’s Position as Reflected in His RGV Commentary 314 bCom-ldan-ral-gri’s Refutation of the *Amalavijnâna 316 bCom-ldan-ral-gri on RGV V.19 319 Blo-gros-mtshungs-med 320

W ho is Blo-gros-mtshungs-med? 320 Blo-gros-mtshungs-med on the Five Treatises ofMaitreya 324 Blo-gros-mtshungs-med on the Vajrapadas 325 Blo-gros-mtshungs-med on the Worship of Srâvakas 325 Blo-gros-mtshungs-med on RGV 1.28 327 Blo-gros-mtshungs-med’s Own Position on Buddha-nature 329 Blo-gros-mtshungs-med on the Gotra 334 Blo-gros-mtshungs-med on the Nine Similes of Buddha-nature 335 Blo-gros-mtshungs-med’s Contributions 335 Bu-ston Rin-chen-grub 336 sGra-tshad-pa Rin-chen-rnam-rgyal 338 A Summary and Further Considerations 340 Chapter 11: rNgog’s Impact on Doctrinal Developments from the Late 14th to the 16th Century 345 Rong-ston Shäkya-rgyal-mtshan 345 rGyal-tshab Dar-ma-rin-chen 349 rGyal-tshab on RGV I.27 349 rGyal-tshab on the Seven Vajrapadas 351 rGyal-tshab on Verse V.19 352 rGyal-tshab on the Alayavijnâna 352 ’Gos Lo-tsä-ba gZhon-nu-dpal 352 gZhon-nu-dpal on the Two Cycles 354 gZhon-nu-dpal on the Eight Qualities of the Jewel of the Saiigha 355 gZhon-nu-dpal on RGV I.27 and 28 355 gZhon-nu-dpal on the Ten Buddha-nature Topics 357 gZhon-nu-dpal on RGV I.130 358 gZhon-nu-dpal on the Postscript to the First Chapter of the RGV 359 gZhon-nu-dpal on RGV V.19 359 gSer-mdog Pan-chen Shäkya-mchog-ldan 360 Shäkya-mchog-ldan’s Classification of Various Positions 361 A Sketch of Shäkya-mchog-ldan’s Position 363 Shäkya-mchog-ldan on the Seven Vajrapadas 364 Shäkya-mchog-ldan on RGV 1.27 and 28 365 Shäkya-mchog-ldan on Non-affirming Negation 368 Shäkya-mchog-ldan on the Two Truths 369 Shäkya-mchog-ldan’s Mus rabs ’byamspa’i dris lan 370 Pan-chen bSod-nams-grags-pa 372 bSod-nams-grags-pa on the Seven Vajrapadas 373 bSod-nams-grags-pa on the Jewel of the Saiigha 373 bSod-nams-grags-pa on RGV 1.27 374

A Summary and Further Considerations 375 Conclusion to Chapters 10 and 11 379 Final Considerations: Resituating rNgog’s Position within a Wider Context 385 rNgog’s Struggle to Do Away with the Ontological Aspect of the Buddha-nature Doc¬ trine 392 Appendices 393 Appendix A: A Topical Outline of the rGyud bla ma'i don bsduspa 395 Appendix B: A List of Commentaries on the Ratnagotmvibhaga 405 Abbreviations 415 Bibliographies 417 Primary Sources by Indie Authors 417 Primary Sources by Tibetan Authors 423 Secondary Sources 432 Indices 461 Indie Personal Names 462 Tibetan Personal Names 464 Indie Work Tides 469 TibetanWorkTides 476 Chinese Personal Names and Work Tides 478 Toponyms 479 General Index 480